Bill Joys Why the Future Doesnt Need Us Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿ Why the Future does not Need Us Why the Future Doesn't Need Us provides us with the future’s interpretation in a very pessimistic manner. Bill Joy's depiction depicts how in future the robotic race will conquer the earth once technology advances greatly. The robotics will have their own mind, make their own judgments and thus eradicate the human race. From this title, it can easily be predicted that there is no future for the human race. Bill Joy debates the negative prospects of the technological advancements in nanotechnology, genetics development and the use of robots. The computers processing speeds exponentially growing in recent years and the development of novel inventions will supersede the speed of growth. The gigantic computing power might make the intellectual fictitious robot possible. Human beings and the robots will merge in an attempt to complete the industrial tasks. These changes might even lead to human replacements in these industrial tasks. These hazards also occur in nanotechnology and genetics scopes of life. The establishment of nanotechnology made possible development of electronics of molecular nanoscale. This technology will grow greatly in the subsequent two decades. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill Joy's Why the Future Doesn't Need Us or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Joy said that it is by far easy to make negative applications for nanotechnology as opposed to the more functional ones. He further articulated that, if we do not put the ethical issues of nanotechnology in mind, there is a high danger of destroying the earth’s biosphere that we all depend for survival. The development of genetic technology presently brought us numerous ethical issues. Bill Joy supposed that the general community is conscious of, and nervous about, genetically customized groceries, and appears to be declining the concept that such edibles should be allowed to be unlabeled. Bill’s apprehension was that genetic technology might give the authority to bad personality and aid them to perform disparaging act with an example being the White Plague. The price of employing GNR technologies to perform negative acts is being less than the NBC period is what Bill worries. While creating weaponry of mass destruction with NBC techno logy requires rare novel unprocessed materials and largely protected data with large-scale actions, the GNR technologies are abused easily. According to him, they will not need vast facilities or novel unprocessed materials but the knowledge is what will enhance their usage. This is knowledge provokes the human thought. Undeniably, the advancement of GNR technologies will alter our existence to a large degree. The development of genetic technology will treat today’s incurable diseases Nanotechnology will provide enormous industrial materials to be used in production of electronics. Humans will be freed from their places of work with the deployment of robotics to substitute human labor. This is a remarkable negative effect because human labor will be brought to extinction. Human labor is what most people depend on to make or earn their living as it provides employment. Some of Bills debates are not on point because there is uncertainty whether the expectations of the future a re pessimistic without the power to manipulate the development of GNR technologies. I do not suppose that there is abuse of GNR technologies just by being knowledge about it. A number of Bill Joy’s justifications of disagreement are sufficient. In addition, I doubt whether the future is that pessimistic if we do not manage the development of GNR technologies. Just as we require tools to develop mass destructive arsenal with NBC machinery, we also require equivalent tools for application of GNR awareness. High precision machinery is required to implement genetic and nano-technological advancements. I am in doubt of the future being so pessimistic with no ethics care in such fields. Bill Joy depicts that people may combine with robots hence development of new Borg similar species. We ask ourselves if this is the destiny of human evolution (Winston & Edelbach, 156). Bill’s representation depicts two alternating future representations putting in mind that the computer wi zards have progressed in coming up with intelligent machinery that can perform tasks as compared to human beings. These representations have a negative outcome to humans. This passage confers that humans will not be stupid enough to give all control to the machinery. This passage is not telling we willingly grant them authority, nor will they grab our power. The depiction does not ever talk about the robots being wicked and will destroy humanity. It articulates of our migrant under robot management until we will not succumb to the belief that robots are right. With the technology increasing, the society will become intricate and machines develop to be more intelligent. We will commence to let machines decide for us and not later from now, societal problems will be very complex. It is not probable for people to make clever judgments. Machines will be the definite solutions to our troubles, and almost immediately will take useful control. The second depiction centers on humans sustaining power over machines. The power over hefty machine systems will be in the control of the meager elite. At some point, these elites will posses better methods, and human beings work will not be required. It proposes that the stipulations of these elites being brutal will annihilate the mass of humanity. Conversely, their human nature will diminish birth rate to the extent of humans becoming extinct; hence, the world will be left to the elite. In conclusion, on assumption that the elite are gentle liberals, they would step up to guide humanity to a life satisfying every need and want, hence a life with no purpose. Works Cited Winston, Emmanuel, and Edelbach, Ralph. Society, ethics, and technology. Boston. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012.

Cape Town, South Africa Programs to End Exploitation and...

Exploitation of Children Anti-Child Labour Youth Development Counter Human Trafficking They are a children’s rights organisation that is trying to end of all forms of exploitation and abuse of children. Their work involves counter human trafficking, anti-child labour and the development of the youth in South Africa. All three programs are dedicated to stop all forms or situations which result in the enslavement of children Their Vision is to protected the rights of children and end exploitation in South Africa Their Mission is to become and remain the best children’s Rights non-profit organization in our country by prevent the exploitation of children: 1.Anti-child Labour 2.Counter-human Trafficking 3.Youth Development in the Central Karoo Child labour continues to exist in our country and around the world and yet people are still not talking about it and this it all the more difficult. Not all work is harmful to children In fact, some work is considered beneficial for their development. But Child labour is defined as: work by children under 18 which are exploitative, hazardous or inappropriate for their age, destructive to their schooling, or their social, physical, mental, spiritual or normal development. Child labour deprives children of their childhood because they are being exploited and harmed and this creates the cycle of poverty within a family and the community. There is a day once a year set aside to acknowledge the existence of child labour it is calledShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sà £o Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editor In Chief: Stephanie Wall Executive Editor: Bob Horan Program Manager Team Lead: Ashley Santora Program Manager: Denise Vaughn Editorial Assistant: Kaylee Rotella Executive Marketing Manager: Anne K. Fahlgren Project ManagerRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesunderstandings of the relationship between organizations and society A puzzle – is it is better to ‘belong’ or to be an ‘individual’? 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Planning in Early Childhood Free Essays

The observation of children is performed by teachers and educators, to help understand each child, and their characteristics. Along with assessment and evaluation, educators are able to understand each child’s development, and make decisions about appropriate activities and experience to offer each child, to help foster their individual development. (Veale, A. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning in Early Childhood or any similar topic only for you Order Now and Piscitelli, B. 1988) This essay will discuss the Value of the Observation Process in Planning for early childhood settings, and the role of each teacher in facilitating children’s individual learning and development. Observation is a very valuable and important part of the planning process as each child is different. Observation and Record Keeping in Early Childhood Programs (Veale, A. and Piscitelli, B. 1988,) Suggests that in order for educators to provide proper learning experience for children, they must know each child’s strengths, weaknesses, interests, fears, joys, ideas and individual interests to plan stimulating and appropriate learning experiences. Through observation, Educators can gather this information on what each child is capable of, how each child behaves under a range of different circumstances and how the child interacts with other children, and adults. The information collected from observation helps educators to develop objectives and plans to â€Å"enhance children’s learning and development† (Planning and Learning, NZTC pg. 5). Effective Planning and developing of learning outcomes for children is a collaborated effort between colleagues, children, Parents/Whanau and the community. DOP 6 outlines that importance of collaboration between colleagues when it comes to forming an effective plan in the early childhood environment. Open relationships and free discussions amongst each other empowers educators to become reflective practitioners and to understand different perspectives (MoE, 1998) By collaborating with parents/ Whanau educators can increase their understanding of the child’s â€Å"thinking and learning, parents and carers become wiser about the child† (Stonehouse, cited in Hanna, 2006, p. 3) and planning becomes more effective and purposeful for the child. Te Whariki states under the principle of Family and Community, â€Å"The wellbeing of children is interdependent with the well-being and culture of local communities and neighborhoods. Children’s learning and development are fostered it the well-being of their family and community is supported. †(MoE, 1996, p. 42) Society is constantly changing, and children grow and change with the community, so educators need to plan for the growth and change. And most importantly the children need to be considered while planning. Children are individuals and their voice needs to be heard. Educators need to be aware of the child’s capabilities, interests and learning needs to provide efficient learning activities that will be effective and enjoyable for the child. â€Å"The purpose of assessment is to give useful information about children’s learning and development to the adults providing the program and to children and their families. † (MoE, 1996 pg. 9) Assessment of the effectiveness of the program and keeping track of the child’s development helps educators to make decisions so effective changes can be made as needed to help the child’s personal progress and learning objectives. Likewise with planning, assessment needs to consider the changes in the community, consider the needs of the child and the parents/whanau to be the most effective for the child’s learning. Evaluation is the final step in the on-going planning of children’s learning. The purpose of evaluation is to make informed judgments about the quality and effectiveness of the program. † (MoE, 1996 Pg. 29) Evaluation is a crucial part of the planning process as it gives educators a chance to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of their program planning and to be better informed for future planning. Educators need to use a range of methods to evaluate the program. This can be done by reflections, regularly updating what works well and monitoring effectiveness, consulting with patents/whanau, and most importantly making appropriate changes. Educators hold the important role of supporting and facilitating each child’s development, one method of facilitating for the child is by recognizing and providing an optimal learning environment. An optimal learning environment is a safe environment specifically designed to facilitate a child’s learning and developmental needs. Educators need to provide time and opportunity for children to respond and experience the world creatively, it also needs to offer exposure to a variety of experience, to be secure and offer stimulating experiences so children can take risks and investigate the world around them safely. Olds (2001) suggests that children need to feel comfortable in their environment for them to explore. Educators need to be vigilant in making sure that each individuals needs are met so the child feels safe and comfortable in the learning environment. Creating an optimal learning environment means educators need to consider the aspects that create this environment. Harris Helm suggests that the overall effectiveness of an early childhood program is dependant on quality of staff, suitable environment, consistent schedules and parent involvement. Another aspect educators need to consider while facilitating learning is the importance of the interpersonal environment. â€Å"Interpersonal environment refers to the relationships established in the environment. † (Planning and Learning, NZTC, 2009, pg 49. ) Educators need to provide an environment that will allow children to learn through responsive and reciprocal relationships with people (MoE, 1996). Children must feel comfortable safe and secure in order to engage in efficient and meaningful learning. Fu (2004) believes that establishing supportive, responsive relationships with children and parents/whanau helps with the development of knowledge, social skills and attitudes and reinforces learning. Building a relationship with the child and their family will help educators to have a clear understanding of the child’s development and the holistic needs of the child. Educators need to engage in constant interactions with parents to gain proper insight into the child’s individual beliefs, rituals, preference and values, so to build a personal and meaningful relationship with the child. Relationships are the heart of learning. By Building a close relationship with the child allows educators to respond sensitively to each child’s needs. By building this Positive and sensitive relationships, research has shown that it enhance a child’s development and is the base of early childhood education. Vygotsky social constructive theory of the Zone of Proximal Development can effectively help educators with providing the best support and to develop strategies to assist the learning and development of the children. The Zone of Proximal Development is described by Vygotsky as â€Å"the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peer† (L. S. Vygotsky, p. 86) Vygotsky observed that when an individual was tested on tasks alone, they rarely did as well as when they were working in collaboration with an adult. The process of involvement by the adult enabled them to refine their thinking or their performance to make it more effective. James Atherton, 2009) by observing a child, educators can observe what a child needs individually, find out what is changeling for the child and work collaboratively alongside with the child and develop strategies to help further the child’s learning. From this theory the teaching strategy of Co-construction was developed. Con-construction is described as a â€Å"collabora tive process from which new understanding and concepts emerge. (Planning and Learning NZTC, 2009, Pg. 39)By collaborating together to find new understanding and concepts between the child, peers, and adults can develop strategies to offer new ideas and concepts to activities. Educators have the important role of providing a co-constructive environment by listening to the child, playing with the child, and have an active participation in their learning, to help develop a child’s interests in learning further. Educators also need to encourage children â€Å"to share what they think and know† (Planning and Learning, NZTC, 2009, pg. 39) . â€Å"Planning the curriculum should be a continuing process, involving careful observation, identification of needs and capabilities, provision of resources, assessment and evaluation† (MoE, 1996, p. 8) Observation, planning, assessment, and evaluation is an ongoing process that must be part of a daily routine. Every educator will be different in how they plan, but thru collaboration with colleagues, parents/whanau, the child, and consideration of the community will help educators to plan as effectively as they can for each individual and help them to grow and improve, and learn how to provide children with the best possible environment to learn and develop in. How to cite Planning in Early Childhood, Papers

Cinematography Treatment Example Essay Example For Students

Cinematography Treatment Example Essay The Might of Spite Plot Summary The movie is about a guy (Antagonist) and a girl (Protagonist) living together that get turns to do the laundry. The guy (Thando) is very lazy, watches TV the whole day and refuses to do the laundry even after the girl (Carrie), tries to force him physically. Carrie is miserable after that but then finds another way to get him of the couch. She tells him that his car is being stolen and when he gets outside, Carrie locks the door behind him. Thando sees his car isn’t being stolen. He then sees the washing basket outside and sees Carrie through the window enjoying the victory and waving the key mockingly. Genre When filmmakers and movie critics refer to a film genre, they generally mean a specific style, or subject matter. While a movie may have elements of a number of different genres, it is often classified under a single film genre for reference purposes. Film genres include Comedy, drama, romantic comedy, action/adventure, musical and experimental. *(http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-film-genre. htm, Michael Pollick). The Might of spite will classify in the comedy genre even though it is more of an everyday general situation. It is a very light hearted film with laidback comedic moments present, throughout the film. Binaries Primary event binary is Tactfulness VS Spitefulness, because Thando was being spiteful by just refusing to do the laundry after Carrie has been tactful. Carrie then outsmarts Thando giving him no choice but to do the laundry. The binary of the protagonist is Mind VS Body. Carrie thought it is a losing battle after she tried to force Thando physically to do the laundry. She then used brain power to manipulate Thando into going outside where the clothesline is and locks the door behind him. The antagonist’s binary is Selfishness VS Contribution, because Thando refuses to do his part of the housekeeping and only watches TV and making more of a mess in the house. He needs to stop being lazy and help Carrie by contributing in cleaning the house. Conceptual and Emotional Relevance The event problem in a story is when the character is put in a situation outside their normal environment. This is what happened to Carrie after Thando refuse to help her, because they obviously agreed to split some of the housekeeping duties. Conceptual Relevance is the event narrative structure in any story. It is the events in the narrative that will progress the story along. In all classic narrative the Conceptual relevance relates to a simple story line. *(Directing for film an introduction, p24, Brandon Oelofse, 2007). The conceptual relevance in this story is when Carrie tricks Thando into doing the laundry. At first she accepted defeat but noticed Thando’s car outside near the clothesline. She then came up with an idea and told him his car is being stolen and locked the door when he went out. This is relevant to the viewer because by outsmarting Thando she came out on top by approaching a problem with thought. Character problem within the narrative can be described with this question. Why does the character react the way they do with different events? We know that Claire is being ignored by Thando and that physically forcing him can’t work either. That is why she locked him out with the laundry until it is finished. Emotional Relevance is the heart of any story. It is the journey that the character will go through to achieve a sense of completion at the end of the narrative. (Directing for film an introduction, p22, Brandon Oelofse, 2007). The emotional relevance in this story is that Carrie gave up at first but got up and tried again. ETB The Establishment Problem Solution Priority Order We first see our antagonist Thando, a lazy guy drinking beer, sitting in front of the TV. We then meet our antagonist Carrie, a bright and hardworking girl, walking into the dirty living room, which she probably will have to clean, with a laundry basket in her hands. The First Explosion Carrie tells Thando that it is his turn to do the laundry and he looks at her ut returns his attention to the TV ignoring her. Problem Solving Vacuum Carrie gapes in disbelief because they always make turns. But she won’t give up yet. Problem-Solution Digits Thando still ignores her by just looking at the TV. New Problem Solution Priority Order Carrie shoves the washing basket in front of Thando, blocking his view of the TV. Second Explosion Thando ignores Carrie and just move into a different position to see the TV. Carrie blocks his view of the TV with the basket again, but Thando just reposition again. This happens again and again, until Thando stands up picks the basket up and put it on the floor out of his way and sits down. Carrie gives up and leaves with the basket. The Second Problem- Solution Vacuum and the Potential Problem-Solution Digits Carrie goes to the kitchen to think of a different way because by trying to spite Thando to do the laundry is clearly not going to work. But she gets an idea when she sees something outside. The Dramatic Climax Carrie quickly locks the door and laughing at Thando, shaking the keys of the door through the window. The Final Problem Solution Priority Order Carrie watches Thando from the kitchen wind while he is hanging up the laundry and she drinking a glass of wine. General Look and Feel of the Film Design and style are overlapping categories, and it is possible to have an effective design without a distinctive personal style. Style is primarily dependent on the needs of the story being told. * (Film directing fundamentals, Nicholas T. Proferes, p. 46, 2005). The general look and feel will be of an ordinary couple, in an ordinary house with an ordinary garden. The TV room will be a bit darker though with pale look and feel to it because it is the antagonist’s lair. The outside will have more of a bright contrast and colourful look to it, because the antagonist is out of his territory and that is where he will be defeated. The kitchen will have a more stable feel to it with some solid colours and shadows. Lighting Lighting shapes the realty in front of the lens, giving it depth or flatness, excitement or boredom, reality or artificiality. Light can fall on the scene in a variety of ways to create many different moods to help tell the story. (Kodak: the art of lighting-notes, 2003) To amplify this laidback light hearted comedy, soft lines and shadows will be used more. In a comedy high key-light is usually used to amplify the narrative. This is what I will be doing but also use mixed lighting at one location. The TV room will have a different light setting that is gloomier than the high contrast the kitchen and the garden will have. T his is because it is where the antagonist spends most of his time and there will be mixed light used that strategically falls on certain places. The sun coming through a window and or a lamp on a table will also be used as extras to get enough light on the subjects so that low key light won’t be made. With the face of the antagonist in a darker part of the room the flicker of the TV will slightly be seen by using a reflector board and moving it slightly on the subject’s face. Taken by GETY *(http://www. telegraph. co. uk/culture/tvandradio/5998253/One-in-six-Britons-too-lazy-to-get-up-to-change-TV-channel. html) The kitchen will be more brightly lit, also because this is where the protagonist spends most of her time and feel at home. To create this high-key light the fill light will be closer than the key light so that it shines almost as bright as the key light. Because it is day during the whole film, the light coming trough the window will also be seen on the subject. When the character is staring through the window the reflection of the car will be seen in it. If needs be, a reflector board will be used to create to bounce minimal light onto the window so that the character can be seen inside and the reflection of the car. Taken by Courtney *(httpmusingsofanightowl. blogspot. om200909time-to-reflecthtmlpng) September 11 2009 In the garden outside the house, the sun will be used to create the high-key light needed and a reflector board will be used to help with unwanted shadows on the subject’s face. In one particular shot light will be used outside as a back light to create a shadow of the antagonist. In the next shot should, this shadow on the white material will be used to amplify to the audience tha t the antagonist isnt doing this out of free will and so it looks like he is out of place, because he is put here and he is still a lazy guy. Taken by unknown *(www. gettyimages. om/detail/200486956-001/Riser) The main character revelation will be Carrie. When she is in the kitchen the first time the kitchen will look colder and the second time after she is in the kicthen it will have a slightly warmer colour. Because some scenes will be shot interior and some exterior, shooting will be done with 250d film. CTB will be needed to colour correct the interior shots. In the kitchen a full CTB will be used for the cooler effect and only half CTB will be used for the warmer shot. This is going to be done because Carrie feels better about herself and don’t feel so bad about Thando ignoring her. The Giver EssayUnlock the magazine lock and remove the magazine latch. Open the camera cover (side door), open the film gate on the inside of the camera by pressing the latching knob inwards and swinging the pressure pad assembly open on its hinges. Spray some dust-off inside the camera, put the film loop in the camera and put the magazine on the camera. Place the film in the gate so that the transport claw fits into the film perforation holes. Turn the inching knob so that the registration pin fit in the film perforation holes and holds it in place. Make sure the film lays firm on the aperture plate and close the gate and camera door. *(Arrieflex 16 S operating instructions,p. 2-18, unknown date) To achieve accurate exposure, you need to use a light meter as well as the right settings on the light meter. The camera will be rolling at the speed of 24-25 frames per second and therefore you need configure it as either 24 or 25 fps on the light meter. The second setting is the ISO, for this film it will be set on 250 because 250D film will be used the whole time. Now you can do an incident reading to get an average reading how much light is being reflected by the subject from different lights or a spot reading to get a more accurate reading of how much light is falling onto the subject at different spots. You then use the reading you got from the light meter and set your aperture to that number. When mount a lens, utter care must be taken and always hold a lens firmly in your hand. Firstly remove the turret plug or cavity cap from the camera. Look through the eyepiece and make sure it is in focus by turning the adjusting ring. Stick some gaffer tape over the adjusting ring, so that it cannot change. Remove the back lens cap from the lens. For the Arri camera it is only needed to align the gap in the camera with the lens’s, press the lock lever on the camera, slide the lens carefully in and release the lock leaver when lens is perfectly fitted in the lens cavity. With these cameras you don’t twist or turn the lens or anything, it just slides in perfectly. After that you can take off the front lens cap. The focus, aperture and, if you’ve got a zoom lens, the zooming can be adjusted by turning the lens clockwise and anticlockwise to the different markers. During shooting, a magazine card should be filled with all the necessary information such as, roll number, mag number, amount of footage shot in feet, take length in seconds, print, lens used and f-stop used, slate number, take number and if there are any remarks. Here is an example of a Mag card. After the shoot is done, all the information on the mag card must be put on the picture negative report (Neg report). A copy of the neg report get stuck onto the can with the film in and sent to the lab. This info is everything they need to expose the film correctly and make sure that everything is filled in, in case of any uncertainty by the film lab. Here is an example of a neg report. The setting up and maintenance of equipment is some of the most important things for safety and not to break anything. Always keep a neat gear station out of the and against a wall away from people. All cases must be closed and latched and safe from getting stolen or wet. Never use equipment on a wet place and just do one thing at a time when working with it. When setting up a light stand, camera or C-stand, secure it with at least one sandbag so that it won’t fall over or damage, when someone bumps it or trip over the cable or anything. Start to raise a light or C-stand from the highest lock-off grip to the lowest so that you can reach the lock-off grip if you need to. The cable of a light or an extension should be as far out of the way as possible. If it on a spot where people walk, the cable must be gaffer aped to the floor. A cable should be rolled up in a figure eight underneath the lamp, because it can create an electrical current and melt the cable. It also helps for if someone pulls the cable, the light won’t fall over because there is enough slack for it. Rolling up a cable can’t be done any way. Rolling it up around the arm will only wrinkle and damage the cable. The way to do it is by holding one point in your hand so t hat it is hanging and rolling it up by letting the cable follow how it has rolled up before. Then the cable must be tied with a piece of rope attached to it, the same way a shoe lace is tied with the two loops. To set up a camera you first spread the spreaders. Then you attach the legs onto the spreaders with a sandbag on. Now that the camera can be put on the legs, it is done by screwing the camera on and locking it so that it is secure. After the magazine is loaded and laced, you must bubble the camera so that it is level. Operating the Camera To book equipment, an equipment request form must be given in at the equipment storeroom. On the form must be everything needed to book out and the signatures of the discipline lecturer and Keroshin Reddy. The date you need the equipment and when it will be returned must be on the form. The person responsible for the equipment signature and Cell number must be on the form and it must be given in at least two days before the equipment is needed. When equipment is being taken, it must be checked and signed off as in working condition. Everything must be checked if it is there and if it is working before signing. Every light must be struck and all the extensions must be checked. If everything on the list are there and working, the form can be signed and given back to the storeroom manager. The equipment signed for are now the signer’s responsibility not to get lost or damaged. When Thando gets up and give Carrie the false impression, by picking the laundry basket up, the camera tilt up so that upliftment can be created but the camera will also tilt to the side to show that it is not really meant. When Thando runs to his car to save it, a hand held shot will be done giving an unstable feel and a feel of realism to it. To keep the subject in focus, the distance of the subject to the camera will stay the same by tying a rope around the subject and the cinematographer. On most cameras, there will be a button that must be pressed, as the lens is turned. The Arri doesn’t turn, but some turn one way and some the other. Absolutely, never ever, must a lens be attempted to be remove from any camera, until you’re sure you know how. This goes for trying to take the lens off again as well. Lens cleaner and a cotton cloth must be used to clean a lens. Circular motions must be made from the inside out to prevent from scratching it. The camera must always be on the legs or stand, locked off, in a competent person’s hands, in other words a cinematographer, or in the camera bag. It must never be left alone unattended, because it can get stolen, damaged and just about anything can happen. Keep everything in a dry clean place and keep everything neat and together. Bibliography Websites *(http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-film-genre. htm, Michael Pollick) *(http://www. telegraph. co. uk/culture/tvandradio/5998253/One-in-six-Britons-too-lazy-to-get-up-to-change-TV-channel. html) *(httpmusingsofanightowl. logspot. com200909time-to-reflecthtmlpng, September 11 2009) *(www. gettyimages. com/detail/200486956-001/Riser) *(moniquer710. blogspot. com/2009_11_01_archive. html) Books *(Directing for film an introduction, p24, Brandon Oelofse, 2007) *(Directing for film an introduction, p22, Brandon Oelofse, 2007) *(Film directing fundamentals, Nicholas T. Proferes, p. 46, 2005) *(Kodak: the art of lighting-notes, 2003 ) *(Picture composition for film and television, Peter Ward, p. 10, 2003). *(Arrieflex 16 S operating instructions,p. 2-18, unknown date)

Relevance of public sector enterprise Essay Example

Relevance of public sector enterprise Essay The Five Year Plan and other official documents also use the term Public Sector in the wider sense to cover all governmental activities, including public industrial and commercial enterprises. The theory that if the government is kept out of the business, it would automatically provide the community with all it desired, without any plan or conscious planning opened the door to the devil has long ago been exploded . Government intervention in the economic system for social and economic reasons is now clearly accepted and has come to stay. Governments all over the world, particularly in developing countries, have gone far beyond the indicative planning to price, wage, and numerous other controls and to state entrepreneurship. Radical transformation from a purely agrarian economy to en of the important industrialized nations of the world, and demolishing of a regimented structured society to one based on social justice, would not have been possible without the emphasis which has been laid on the growth and development of Pu bill Enterprises. Public enterprises were created in most countries to accelerate economic and social development. Yet, increasing evidence indicates that most public enterprises either do not contribute strongly to development or perform their public service functions ineffectively or inefficiently. Policy makers engage in intuition debates over whether or not state-owned corporations contribute to economic and social development, why so many have failed to deliver effectively the services for which they were created, and how their management can be improved. As state earlier, the business units owned, managed and controlled by the central, state or local government are termed as public sector enterprises or public enterprises. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of public sector enterprise specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of public sector enterprise specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of public sector enterprise specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These are also known as public sector undertakings. A public sector enterprise may be defined as any commercial or industrial undertaking owned and managed by the government with a view to maximize social welfare and uphold the public interest. Public enterprises consist of nationalized private sector enterprises, such as, banks, Life Insurance Corporation of India and the new enterprises set up by the government such as Hindustan Machine Tools (HIM), Gas Authority of India (GAIL), State Trading Corporation (SST) etc. Government Ownership and Management: The public enterprises are owned and managed by the central or state government, or by the local authority. The government may either wholly own the public enterprises or the ownership may partly be with the government and partly with the private industrialists and the public. Financed from Government Funds: The public enterprises get their capital from Government Funds and the government has to make provision for their capital in its budget. Public Welfare: Public enterprises are not guided by profit motive. Their major focus is on providing the service or commodity at reasonable prices. Public Utility Services: Public sector enterprises concentrate on providing public utility services like transport, electricity, telecommunication etc. Public Accountability: Public enterprises are governed by public policies formulated by the government ND are accountable to the legislature. Excessive Formalities: The government rules and regulations force the public enterprises to observe excessive formalities in their operations. This makes the task of management very sensitive and cumbersome. Difference between Private and Public Sector Enterprises By private sector, we mean, economic and social activities undertaken privately by a single individual or group of individuals. They prefer to do business in private sector basically to earn profit. On the other hand public sector refers to economic and social activities undertaken by public authorities. The enterprises in public sector are set up with the main aim of protecting public interest. Profit earning comes next. Besides the difference in the objective, the enterprises in both these sectors also differ in many other aspects. Forms of Organization of Public Enterprises There are three different forms of organization used for the public sector enterprises in India. These are 1. Departmental Undertaking; 2. Statutory (or Public) Corporation 3. Government Company. Departmental Undertaking form of organization is primarily used for provision of essential services such as railways, postal services, broadcasting etc. Such organizations function under the overall control of a ministry of the government and are financed and controlled in the same way as any other government department. This form is considered suitable for activities where the government desires to have control over them in view of the public interest. Statutory Corporation (or public corporation) refers to a corporate body created by the Parliament or State Legislature by a special Act, which define its powers, functions and pattern of management. Statutory corporation is also known as public corporation. Its capital is wholly provided y the government. Importance of Public Sector Enterprises There are only some selected areas in which the government establishes its enterprises for a balanced development of the economy and promote public welfare. There are several areas where huge investment of capital is necessary but the margin of profit is either meager or it can be obtained only after a long period as in case of generation and supply of electricity, machine building construction of dams, etc. The private businessmen hesitate to establish their enterprises in these areas but they cannot be neglected in public interest. As such these enterprises are established and run by the government. Similarly the public enterprises also help in balanced regional development by promoting industries in every part of the country. Industrial progress is of utmost importance for the development of the country and for this, it is necessary that some basic industries like oil, coal, gas, iron, steel, production of heavy electrical goods, etc. , are to be fully developed. Public enterprises give impetus to the development of these basic industries and also help in the development of the private sector with their products and services. There are some industries which require heavy capital investment on account of technical reasons. Electricity, power, production of gas, heavy machinery tools, production of telephone etc. Are such industries. The development of public enterprises also prevents concentration of economic power in the hands of an individual, or a group of individuals. Not only that, the public enterprises can help in red icing inequalities with the help of various policies like utilizing the earned profits in public welfare activities and by selling raw material to the small scale industries at lower r icers. It is also necessary for the economic progress of a country that industries which can decrease imports and increase exports are only promoted. Public enterprises also ensure promotion of such industries. The public enterprises ensure necessary resources are made available to all at fair prices. The security of the country is supreme. There should be no compromise in ensuring this. The production of fighter airplanes, arms and ammunition etc, connected with the security of the country is put under the domain of Public Enterprises for this purpose. Thus, public welfare planned economic development of the country, regional balance, import substitution and checking concentration Of economic powers are the major goals achieved through public enterprises. Role and Rationale of Public Enterprises The public sector has been playing a vital role in the economic development of the country. In fact the public sector has come to occupy such an important place in our economy that on its effective performance depends largely the achievement of the countrys economic and social goals. Public sector is considered a powerful engine of economic development and an important instrument of self-reliance. The main contributions of public enterprises to the countrys economy may be described as follows: 1. Filling of gaps At the time of independence, there existed serious gaps in the industrial structure of the country, particularly in the field of heavy industries. Basic and key industries require huge capital investment, involve considerable risk and suffer from long gestation periods. Private sector concerns do not come forward to establish such industries. Public sector has helped to fill up these gaps. The basic infrastructure required for rapid industrialization has been lilt up, through the production of strategic capital goods. The public sector has considerably widened the industrial base of the country and speeded up the pace of industrialization. 2. Employment Public sector has created millions of jobs to tackle the unemployment problem in the country. Public sector accounts for about two-third of the total employment in the organized industrial sector in India. By taking over many sick units, the public sector has protected the employment of millions. Public sector has also contributed a lot towards the improvement of working and vying conditions Of workers by serving as a model employer. . Balanced regional development Private industries tend to concentrate in certain regions while other regions remain backward. Public sector undertakings have located their plants in backward and untraced parts of the country. These areas lacked basic industrial and civic facilities like electricity, water supply, township and manpower. Public enterprises have developed these facilities thereby bringing about complete transformation in the social-economic life of the people in these regions. Steel plants of Bilabial, Rosella and Durra; earthlier factory at Sinned, machine tool plants in Restaurants, precision instruments plants in Kraal and Restaurants, etc. , are a few examples of the development of backward regions by the public sector. 4. Optimum utilization of resources Public enterprises make better utilization of scarce resources of the country. They are big in size and able to enjoy the benefits of large scale operations. They help to eliminate wasteful completion and ensure full use of installed capacity. Optimum utilization of resources results in better and cheaper production. 5. Manipulation of surplus The profits earned by public enterprises are reinvested for expansion and diversification. Moreover, public sector concerns like banks and financial institutions mobiles scattered public savings thereby helping the process of capital formation in the country. Public enterprises earn considerable foreign exchange through exports. 6. Self reliance Public enterprises have reduced considerably the need for imports by producing new and better products within the country. These enterprises are also earning considerable amount of foreign exchange through exports. 7. Socialistic pattern of society Public sector is an instrument for realizing social objectives. Public enterprises help to check concentration of wealth and private monopolies. These enterprises can serve as powerful means of economic and social change. 8. Public welfare Public enterprises help in the establishment of a welfare state in the country. These enterprises us apply essential commodities at cheaper rates. A proper balance between demand and supply is created to protect consumers against exploitation by profit hungry businessmen. Public enterprises also protect and promote the interests Of workers. Objectives . Economic development Public enterprises were set up to accelerate the rate of economic growth in a planned manner. These enterprises have created a sound industrial base for rapid industrialization of the country. They are expected to provide infrastructure facilities for promoting balanced and diversified economic structure of development. 2. Self-reliance Another aim Of public enterprises is to promote self-reliance in strategic sectors of the national economy. For this purpose, public enterprises have been set up in transportation, communication, energy, petrol-chemicals, and there key and basic industries. . Development of backward Areas Several public enterprises were established in backward areas to reduce regional imbalances in development. Balanced development of different parts of the country is necessary for social as well as strategic reasons. 4. Employment generation Unemployment has become a serious problem in India. Public enterprises seek to offer gainful employment to millions. In order to protect jobs, several sick units in the private sector have been nationalized. 5. Economic surplus Public enterprises seek to generate and mobiles surplus for reinvestment. These enterprises earn money and mobiles public savings for industrial development. 6. Egalitarian society An important objective of public enterprises is to prevent concentration of economic power and growth of private monopolies. Public sector helps the Government to enforce social control on trade and industry for ensuring equitable distribution of goods and services. Public enterprises protect and promote small scale industries. 7. Consumer welfare public enterprises seek to protect consumers from exploitation and profiteering by ensuring supply of essential commodities at cheaper prices. They aim at stabilizing prices. 8. Public utilities Private sector is guided by profit motive. Therefore, it is reluctant to invest money in public utility services like water supply, gas, electricity, public transport. Therefore, the Government has to assume responsibility for providing such services. 9. Defense Government has to set up public enterprises for production of defense equipment. Supply of such equipment cannot be entrusted for private sector due to the need for utmost secrecy. 10. Labor welfare Public enterprises serve as model employers. They ensure welfare and social security of employees. Many public enterprises have developed townships, schools, college and hospitals for their workers. Advantages Public sector has come to assume the commanding heights of the economy. It was monopoly in railways, communication and air transport; virtual monopoly in coal mining, power generation and petroleum industry; a predominant share in banking, insurance, shipping, steel and other metals; machine tools, fertilizers, insecticides, and petrochemicals; and share in light engineering industries like drugs; textiles industries; consumer goods form break of electronic new industries, it has also been taking over old opens which became sick. Public Sector has played a significant role in the industrialization Of the country. By establishing the basic and heavy industries and providing the infrastructure, it has enabled growth of innumerable light industries and also taking over old ones which became sick. Public sector has played a significant role in the industrialization of the provid ed the virtual inputs of ushering the Green Revolution. It has also played a pioneering role in dispersing industries in various regions of the entry particularly in the backward area. It is generally recognized as a model employer providing fair wages, good working conditions and amenities, and recognizing the rights of the workers. As a result, industrial relations except in certain units and for some time past are better and the maydays lost are much less than n the private sector. 1. Balanced growth By establishing public sector enterprises, a country can develop its economy in all regions. Thus there is a balanced growth. These enterprises can be developed on economic, social and regional basis.

Negotiation Team Essay

Negotiation Team Essay Negotiation Team Essay Journal Entry 3: Units 3, 4, 5 Unit 3 Negotiation is a critical tool when dealing with conflict. BATNA which is Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement gives tips on how to negotiate to get the outcome that you want. When there is a conflict for people not to feel guilty about not handling it they tend to think they are powerless and that there is nothing they can contribute to the situation. By the individual doing this it also eliminates failure which most people are afraid of. When there is a conflict most people would rather do nothing in case of failure then try and help resolve a conflict. For example when there is a fight people will stand around and watch instead of intervene. In the summer I saw two kids fighting, they were both wrestling each other and throwing punches and people in their cars and walking on the street were doing nothing. People were getting gas across the street and they were just watching. People do this because they don’t know what they can do. I was sitting in my car at a red lig ht and was honking and the two of them stopped, had a few words and started walking in the opposite direction. My sister looked at me and made a comment of being proud that I did something. When an issue arises in public people stand around and spectate. Why is this? For entertainment? People don’t want to get involved? People are scared to get involved? Or is it because people do not know how to react to conflict. When two people have a conflict there has to be some sort of agreement to resolve the issue, and that is when negotiation steps in. There has to be a relationship between people who are negotiating, meaning understanding both sides and respect if there is a disagreement. If I disagree with a co-worker I can’t disrespect them by telling them that their view on the topic is stupid or doesn’t make sense. I have to listen to their point of view and communicate with them to reach an understanding. Communication is important with listening and talking to on e another for a resolution that both parties are happy with. By listening to the other side of the story it will help increase your chances to persuade them. It is also important when negotiating to show commitment to the other party. This helps increase your power over the other party. As the negotiator you can commit to what you will do for the other party, what you want to do (take it or leave it), and what kind of commitments you want to see from the other party. For example, there have been many fights in my house of who does what house work. If the bathroom, living room and kitchen need to get clean a negotiation with my sister and I has to be done. I would rather clean the kitchen rather than the bathroom so if I show a commitment to my sisters by saying I will do the kitchen and living room if you do the bathroom it shows her commitment from my end and therefore increases my power to get what I want. And in return I get commitment from my sister when she says yes to the ne gotiation. Negotiators are trained in many skills and tactic that are used in their line of work to help resolve conflict. The Hostage Negotiation Team (HNT) works with the police departments and is trained in many skills to help resolve conflict. The HNT trains with the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) and learn skills to help certain conflicts which are hostage taking, barricaded suspects and suicide attempts (to be explain later). When negotiating there is many factors that need to be taken into consideration. Such as when the first line officer gets on scene it is important that they call a trained negotiator immediately. The best thing that can be used in these situations is time. The negotiating time is made up of three components. First the primary negotiator who is in contact with the suspect, second the secondary negotiator who will give help to the primary negotiator by giving advice and by making sure the primary negotiator can hear and understand everything

What is Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Branding - Essay Example It can therefore be used as a strategy to maintain customers as well as attract others. A strong brand is imperative for the intended purpose to be achieved. If it is a statement or slogan, it should as precise and short as possible. This should be something that target customers can remember at ease. Before branding is done especially for existing companies, it is vital to involve the customers. Constant communication with such people allows the companies know what kind of information or graphics to include. However, branding does not work at all times. In some companies, the introduction of new brands has culminated into loss of customers. For instance, one of the leading on-demand streams faced challenges when a number of its subscribers withdrew. This was caused by the effort of the management to change the logo. Companies which have already become established in the market do not need to have new brands. Some of these companies are price leaders in the market and therefore do not need such branding. Apart from being wastage of time and money, this development may also lead lose of customers. However, in the event a given company would want to develop a new brand, discussing with clients would be

Digital Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Digital Economy - Essay Example The basic difference between the two classes of advertising is: in traditional advertising the advertising mediums are conventional such as newspapers, classifieds, magazines, periodicals, journals, billboards, posters, radio, physical mails, and televisions whilst on the other hand in digital advertising; all sorts of advertising which is done through the medium of websites, via internet and mobile phones are included. However digital advertising is not simple just because it focuses on web; however it is an emerging discipline and has several different areas in it. Advertising can be made for other purposes in addition to business and economics; however in this study advertising is only discussed with the perspective of economics and commerce. In this study the elaboration is made on the limitations of traditional advertising coupled with study of cost factors involved in digital advertising. ... After the process of awareness the consumer sector accumulates this awareness in the shape of knowledge then through effective advertising, commodity or service becomes fabulous and is liked by the consumer sector. After the process of liking and fondness a position evolves that is called as preference, it means that a consumer prefer the product against all other competitive products and through advertising the product is in a phase of likelihood of acquisition. Then after this consumer behavior changes to conviction on the basis of his preference and this is the reason; the product or service is being purchased. Therefore the more good advertising the more sales, more exposure of organization and more economic activity can be achieved. Since the rate of economic activity is directly proportional to that of profit therefore effective advertising will yield more economic activity and that will result in more returns and benefits. It should also be considered that advertisement for an economic activity is essential and also crucial but on the other hand, proper advertisement based on adequate research is needed to boost the economic activity of a business. If advertisement is made just for the sake of advertisement without any proper planning and evaluation then it can impact very roughly. Therefore before advertisement of any product or service a research should be made for advertisement and proper objectives and methodologies should be defined with realistic approach then only it can be successful for initiating and accelerating the economic activity. 2. Areas of Digital Advertising Digital advertising is also called internet marketing. Internet marketing is not a confined area of

Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural Diversity - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  cultural diversity has both benefits and opportunities. Therefore, it can be said that there are different dimensions of cultural diversification. In order to deal with this cultural diversity and dimensions, it is necessary to manage the diverse workforce within the hospitality industry, which can lead to achieving the corporate goals. There are various theories on cultural diversity and for managing the cultural diversity. There are strategies and defined areas of policies that are adopted by hospitality firms.  From the paper it is clear that  the importance of cultural diversity within the hospitality industry it is essential to discuss aspects of the hospitality industry and cultural diversity with the help of researches. Therefore, following highlighted points, theories, and strategies will define the significance of cultural diversity within the hospitality industry.  In hospitality industry that can be known as the service industry becaus e it deals with different types of customers. It is a very vast industry, and it is a multi-billion dollar industry that provides maximum chances to maximize the profit for each organization working in this industry. Cultural diversity has a significant influence on the hospitality industry and its business. With the help of Berger & Huntington research, it can be said that the cultural diversity is beneficial for organizations in the long-term. It has been analyzed that the cultural diversity is highly important in the hospitality industry because it deals with global customers.

Policies and Strategies for Market Failure

Policies and Strategies for Market Failure 1.0 Introduction Market failure refers to a situation whereby a freely-functioning market fails to allocate resources efficiently or optimally resulting in undesirable outcomes. Main examples of market failures include market power, externalities, unequal distribution of economic prosperity and inadequate public goods. Market power occurs when economic actors are able to exert considerable influence on market prices or the quantity of goods sold causing concentration of power and imperfect competition. Externalities are the uncompensated impact caused when the market disregard external costs of an economic activity on the well-being of a bystander. Externalities diverge social costs of benefit from the private optimum, leading to market failure as well. Unequal distribution of economic prosperity occurs as people are rewarded according to their ability in generating high income by producing things others are willing to pay off. Markets fail as significant differences in income and wealth leads to a wide gap in living standards between different groups in the economy. Market also fails when there are inadequate public goods which are not provided by the market mainly because of the free rider issue[1]. Hence public policies are required to correct market failure and increase the efficiency and productivity of the market. This ensures that the market is able to achieve the highest total social welfare, thus allowing a greater distribution of income and wealth and higher standard of living. 2.0 Public Policies Public policies are basically described as attempts taken by the government as an approach towards public issues and are commonly incorporated in legislations, regulations, decisions and actions (Venus 2010). Examples of public policies that can be taken to remedy market failure are legislations and regulations, implementation of taxes, subsidies and price controls. 2.1 Legislations and Regulations Legislation is a law which has been enacted by a governing body whereas regulation is a rule or restriction promulgated to control activities of businesses and consumers. There are two forms of regulations, namely industry regulation which prevents firms from gaining and exploiting excessive market control; and social regulation which protects consumers from social costs like externalities, socially undesirable goods and asymmetric information. Examples include price regulations or orders prohibiting collusive practices and monopolistic behaviours which help reduce concentration of market power. Legislations regarding the protection of the environment can also be enforced to reduce externalities like pollution. Legislations and regulation are also an example of command-and-control policies which are specifically targeted at reducing externalities. Command-and-control policies correct externalities by regulating behaviours directly, making them either required or forbidden. This is usually carried out by respective environmental agencies or commissions of a country, for instance the Environmental Protection Agency in United States which restrict levels of pollution and emissions emitted by factories and industries. 2.2 Taxes Taxes are a financial charge or levy imposed upon an individual or entity. Taxes can be used to regulate the market, redistribute income and reduce externalities through the manipulation of the demand and supply curves in the market. Even so, the tax imposed must be equal to the external cost or benefit to achieve the optimal quantity of output. A form of tax is environment levy which is imposed on firms to make them pay for the negative externalities they created. Taxes can also be imposed on undesirable goods to increase their price and reduce the quantity demanded or even used to compel people to pay for public goods to overcome the free rider issue. Similarly, taxes imposed in accordance with income earned helps reduce the market failure of income differentials. At the same time, taxes also helps increase governments revenue which can be spent on alternatives such as direct provision of public goods and services to compensate for the lack of collective goods. Tax is also part of market-based policies, developed specifically to reduce externalities. Market-based policies internalize externalities by providing incentives so that private decision makers will solve the externalities themselves. An example corrective taxes used to persuade private firms to take account of social costs that arise from negative externalities. Effect of tax on the market can be seen in Diag. 1. Tax imposed on a product would increase its price, effecting both consumers and producers. As production cost increases, the supply curve will shift to the left from S to S1 as producers would decrease the products supply. Since the price of the good is now more expensive, the quantity demanded by consumers would also decrease as seen in the change from Q2 to Q1. However, should the demand of the good be inelastic, taxes would fail to create any significant reduction in the demand of the good as shown in the diagram. For example, cigarettes. 2.3 Subsidies Subsidies, also known as negative tax, are financial assistance provided to businesses or economic sectors. Subsidies are used to assist small and potential firms by reducing their production cost so that they are able to compete against larger firms. They can also come in forms of loans or research and development grants to assist firms in their research to produce products of better quality. This reduces the barriers to entry and simultaneously increases competition among firms in the market besides effectively solving under consumption of resources, a positive externality. Furthermore, subsidies can increase socially desirable goods and assist in the redistribution of income. Even so, the subsidy imposed must be equal to the external cost or benefit to achieve the optimal quantity of output. Effect of subsidies on the market can be seen in Diag. 2. Subsidies imposed on a product would reduce its price, effecting both the consumer and producer. Production cost decrease as producers receive assistance and the supply curve will shift to the right from S to S1 as producers would increase supply. Since the price of the good has now reduced, the quantity demanded by consumers would also decrease as seen in the change from Q to Q1. 2.4 Price Controls Price control is a form of public policy where the government uses its law-making power to regulate prices of goods or services. The government may attempt to fix and enforce exact prices of a particular good or service sold or set a ceiling price or floor price (Johnson 2005). Government will then be able to assist consumers and producers with the impact it has on consumer demand and production of the good or service. Price ceiling is the legal maximum price which a good can be sold at but not any lower than that. An example would be rent control to help poor consumers which cannot afford housing. Price ceiling only takes effect when it is imposed below the equilibrium price as shown in Graph A as producers are forced to meet the maximum price set. However, this may result in shortages (Graph A) as the lower price will increase demand for the product. Price floor is the legal minimum price that can be charged but transactions at higher prices are prohibited. An example is the minimum wage laws which increases workers standard of living. Price floor only takes effect when it is imposed above the equilibrium price as shown in Graph B as suppliers have to raise their prices to meet the governments minimum price. However, a surplus may occur (Graph B) as the higher price will decrease consumers demand. 3.0 Conclusion As a conclusion, it can be seen that markets require public policies and government intervention in order to function effectively and achieve the objectives of producers, especially small and potential firms; and consumers. Market failure can be redressed through enforcement of legislations and regulations, taxes and subsidies and price control which are able to increase competitiveness, redistribute income and reduce externalities and socially undesirable goods. Although the implementation of these policies are useful in reducing negative impacts on the economy and basically have positive implications, there are also drawbacks. For instance, legislations and regulations are difficult and expensive to enforce whereas subsidies requires a government to first have sufficient financial means which prevents all countries from carrying them out efficiently. Price control also results in surplus and shortages of products they are imposed on in the long run which will also lead to inefficie nt allocation of resources. Hence, governments should always analyze the economy carefully and critically and carry out policies accordingly to prevent any further deteriorating of the economy. 4.0 References Books: Mankiw, N. G. 2008, Essentials of Economics, 5th Edn, South West Cengage Learning, United States Webster, N. 2005, Economics, 2nd Edn, Greg Eather, Adelaide Websites: Johnson, P. M. 2005, Price Controls: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms, retrieved 16 March 2010, The Smartacus Corportion 2009, Government Intervention: Price Ceiling, retrieved 17 March 2010, The Smartacus Corportion 2009, Government Intervention: Price Floor, retrieved 17 March 2010, Venus, D. 2010, What is Public Policy, retrieved 16 March 2010, Watkins, T. n.d., Impact of an Excise Tax on Subsidy on Price, retrieved 17 March 2010,

Interesting Person :: essays research papers

An interesting person should have lots of intrigues in his brain, and he should have a curious characteristic. So the adjective "interesting" seems to be the best word to describe me, there is no other better word. All of my old friends know I am a person who has lots of intrigues and happiness. In every important party, I am always invited to be the joker. For these reasons, I believe that I am the most interesting person I know. Interesting things were not strange to me when I was young. I still remember when I in primary school, I always thought about the difference between boys and girls. The most interesting matter was that why boys and girls went to different restrooms, and what was the difference of the 'equipment' inside restrooms. This question was always running around in my brain. Once I asked my father about it, but it might because my father grew up in a traditional Chinese family in which no one could talk about sex, his answer was " you will know when you get older!" which made me frustrated. Because I was extremely interested in this matter, so once I decided to switch the male-restroom card and the female-restroom card to see what would happen. The consequence was that no one knew how to use the 'equipment' in the switched restrooms. Finally, my class teacher who blamed me for tricking classmates told me about the differences between boys and girls. Till I entered high school, I still did not change my naughty characteristic. I have a very interesting experience to share with you: One time my brother drove me to school by his new Honda sports car, he drove faster by my request as I was going to be late. He stepped on the gas deeply and the sports car activated its V-tech function, in not more than 5 seconds, the sports car reached sixty miles per hour on the road supposed to drive thirty-five miles per hour at most. Unfortunately, we was unknowingly caught in an automated speed trap hid somewhere on the road, and it measured our speed using radar and photographed our car. Two days later, I received a ticket for forty dollars and a photo of my brother's car. Instead of payment, I sent the police department a photograph of forty dollars. Several days later, my brother told me that he received a strange letter from the police department that contained a ticket for a hundred dollars and a photo of handcuffs.