Relevance of public sector enterprise Essay Example

Relevance of public sector enterprise Essay The Five Year Plan and other official documents also use the term Public Sector in the wider sense to cover all governmental activities, including public industrial and commercial enterprises. The theory that if the government is kept out of the business, it would automatically provide the community with all it desired, without any plan or conscious planning opened the door to the devil has long ago been exploded . Government intervention in the economic system for social and economic reasons is now clearly accepted and has come to stay. Governments all over the world, particularly in developing countries, have gone far beyond the indicative planning to price, wage, and numerous other controls and to state entrepreneurship. Radical transformation from a purely agrarian economy to en of the important industrialized nations of the world, and demolishing of a regimented structured society to one based on social justice, would not have been possible without the emphasis which has been laid on the growth and development of Pu bill Enterprises. Public enterprises were created in most countries to accelerate economic and social development. Yet, increasing evidence indicates that most public enterprises either do not contribute strongly to development or perform their public service functions ineffectively or inefficiently. Policy makers engage in intuition debates over whether or not state-owned corporations contribute to economic and social development, why so many have failed to deliver effectively the services for which they were created, and how their management can be improved. As state earlier, the business units owned, managed and controlled by the central, state or local government are termed as public sector enterprises or public enterprises. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of public sector enterprise specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of public sector enterprise specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of public sector enterprise specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These are also known as public sector undertakings. A public sector enterprise may be defined as any commercial or industrial undertaking owned and managed by the government with a view to maximize social welfare and uphold the public interest. Public enterprises consist of nationalized private sector enterprises, such as, banks, Life Insurance Corporation of India and the new enterprises set up by the government such as Hindustan Machine Tools (HIM), Gas Authority of India (GAIL), State Trading Corporation (SST) etc. Government Ownership and Management: The public enterprises are owned and managed by the central or state government, or by the local authority. The government may either wholly own the public enterprises or the ownership may partly be with the government and partly with the private industrialists and the public. Financed from Government Funds: The public enterprises get their capital from Government Funds and the government has to make provision for their capital in its budget. Public Welfare: Public enterprises are not guided by profit motive. Their major focus is on providing the service or commodity at reasonable prices. Public Utility Services: Public sector enterprises concentrate on providing public utility services like transport, electricity, telecommunication etc. Public Accountability: Public enterprises are governed by public policies formulated by the government ND are accountable to the legislature. Excessive Formalities: The government rules and regulations force the public enterprises to observe excessive formalities in their operations. This makes the task of management very sensitive and cumbersome. Difference between Private and Public Sector Enterprises By private sector, we mean, economic and social activities undertaken privately by a single individual or group of individuals. They prefer to do business in private sector basically to earn profit. On the other hand public sector refers to economic and social activities undertaken by public authorities. The enterprises in public sector are set up with the main aim of protecting public interest. Profit earning comes next. Besides the difference in the objective, the enterprises in both these sectors also differ in many other aspects. Forms of Organization of Public Enterprises There are three different forms of organization used for the public sector enterprises in India. These are 1. Departmental Undertaking; 2. Statutory (or Public) Corporation 3. Government Company. Departmental Undertaking form of organization is primarily used for provision of essential services such as railways, postal services, broadcasting etc. Such organizations function under the overall control of a ministry of the government and are financed and controlled in the same way as any other government department. This form is considered suitable for activities where the government desires to have control over them in view of the public interest. Statutory Corporation (or public corporation) refers to a corporate body created by the Parliament or State Legislature by a special Act, which define its powers, functions and pattern of management. Statutory corporation is also known as public corporation. Its capital is wholly provided y the government. Importance of Public Sector Enterprises There are only some selected areas in which the government establishes its enterprises for a balanced development of the economy and promote public welfare. There are several areas where huge investment of capital is necessary but the margin of profit is either meager or it can be obtained only after a long period as in case of generation and supply of electricity, machine building construction of dams, etc. The private businessmen hesitate to establish their enterprises in these areas but they cannot be neglected in public interest. As such these enterprises are established and run by the government. Similarly the public enterprises also help in balanced regional development by promoting industries in every part of the country. Industrial progress is of utmost importance for the development of the country and for this, it is necessary that some basic industries like oil, coal, gas, iron, steel, production of heavy electrical goods, etc. , are to be fully developed. Public enterprises give impetus to the development of these basic industries and also help in the development of the private sector with their products and services. There are some industries which require heavy capital investment on account of technical reasons. Electricity, power, production of gas, heavy machinery tools, production of telephone etc. Are such industries. The development of public enterprises also prevents concentration of economic power in the hands of an individual, or a group of individuals. Not only that, the public enterprises can help in red icing inequalities with the help of various policies like utilizing the earned profits in public welfare activities and by selling raw material to the small scale industries at lower r icers. It is also necessary for the economic progress of a country that industries which can decrease imports and increase exports are only promoted. Public enterprises also ensure promotion of such industries. The public enterprises ensure necessary resources are made available to all at fair prices. The security of the country is supreme. There should be no compromise in ensuring this. The production of fighter airplanes, arms and ammunition etc, connected with the security of the country is put under the domain of Public Enterprises for this purpose. Thus, public welfare planned economic development of the country, regional balance, import substitution and checking concentration Of economic powers are the major goals achieved through public enterprises. Role and Rationale of Public Enterprises The public sector has been playing a vital role in the economic development of the country. In fact the public sector has come to occupy such an important place in our economy that on its effective performance depends largely the achievement of the countrys economic and social goals. Public sector is considered a powerful engine of economic development and an important instrument of self-reliance. The main contributions of public enterprises to the countrys economy may be described as follows: 1. Filling of gaps At the time of independence, there existed serious gaps in the industrial structure of the country, particularly in the field of heavy industries. Basic and key industries require huge capital investment, involve considerable risk and suffer from long gestation periods. Private sector concerns do not come forward to establish such industries. Public sector has helped to fill up these gaps. The basic infrastructure required for rapid industrialization has been lilt up, through the production of strategic capital goods. The public sector has considerably widened the industrial base of the country and speeded up the pace of industrialization. 2. Employment Public sector has created millions of jobs to tackle the unemployment problem in the country. Public sector accounts for about two-third of the total employment in the organized industrial sector in India. By taking over many sick units, the public sector has protected the employment of millions. Public sector has also contributed a lot towards the improvement of working and vying conditions Of workers by serving as a model employer. . Balanced regional development Private industries tend to concentrate in certain regions while other regions remain backward. Public sector undertakings have located their plants in backward and untraced parts of the country. These areas lacked basic industrial and civic facilities like electricity, water supply, township and manpower. Public enterprises have developed these facilities thereby bringing about complete transformation in the social-economic life of the people in these regions. Steel plants of Bilabial, Rosella and Durra; earthlier factory at Sinned, machine tool plants in Restaurants, precision instruments plants in Kraal and Restaurants, etc. , are a few examples of the development of backward regions by the public sector. 4. Optimum utilization of resources Public enterprises make better utilization of scarce resources of the country. They are big in size and able to enjoy the benefits of large scale operations. They help to eliminate wasteful completion and ensure full use of installed capacity. Optimum utilization of resources results in better and cheaper production. 5. Manipulation of surplus The profits earned by public enterprises are reinvested for expansion and diversification. Moreover, public sector concerns like banks and financial institutions mobiles scattered public savings thereby helping the process of capital formation in the country. Public enterprises earn considerable foreign exchange through exports. 6. Self reliance Public enterprises have reduced considerably the need for imports by producing new and better products within the country. These enterprises are also earning considerable amount of foreign exchange through exports. 7. Socialistic pattern of society Public sector is an instrument for realizing social objectives. Public enterprises help to check concentration of wealth and private monopolies. These enterprises can serve as powerful means of economic and social change. 8. Public welfare Public enterprises help in the establishment of a welfare state in the country. These enterprises us apply essential commodities at cheaper rates. A proper balance between demand and supply is created to protect consumers against exploitation by profit hungry businessmen. Public enterprises also protect and promote the interests Of workers. Objectives . Economic development Public enterprises were set up to accelerate the rate of economic growth in a planned manner. These enterprises have created a sound industrial base for rapid industrialization of the country. They are expected to provide infrastructure facilities for promoting balanced and diversified economic structure of development. 2. Self-reliance Another aim Of public enterprises is to promote self-reliance in strategic sectors of the national economy. For this purpose, public enterprises have been set up in transportation, communication, energy, petrol-chemicals, and there key and basic industries. . Development of backward Areas Several public enterprises were established in backward areas to reduce regional imbalances in development. Balanced development of different parts of the country is necessary for social as well as strategic reasons. 4. Employment generation Unemployment has become a serious problem in India. Public enterprises seek to offer gainful employment to millions. In order to protect jobs, several sick units in the private sector have been nationalized. 5. Economic surplus Public enterprises seek to generate and mobiles surplus for reinvestment. These enterprises earn money and mobiles public savings for industrial development. 6. Egalitarian society An important objective of public enterprises is to prevent concentration of economic power and growth of private monopolies. Public sector helps the Government to enforce social control on trade and industry for ensuring equitable distribution of goods and services. Public enterprises protect and promote small scale industries. 7. Consumer welfare public enterprises seek to protect consumers from exploitation and profiteering by ensuring supply of essential commodities at cheaper prices. They aim at stabilizing prices. 8. Public utilities Private sector is guided by profit motive. Therefore, it is reluctant to invest money in public utility services like water supply, gas, electricity, public transport. Therefore, the Government has to assume responsibility for providing such services. 9. Defense Government has to set up public enterprises for production of defense equipment. Supply of such equipment cannot be entrusted for private sector due to the need for utmost secrecy. 10. Labor welfare Public enterprises serve as model employers. They ensure welfare and social security of employees. Many public enterprises have developed townships, schools, college and hospitals for their workers. Advantages Public sector has come to assume the commanding heights of the economy. It was monopoly in railways, communication and air transport; virtual monopoly in coal mining, power generation and petroleum industry; a predominant share in banking, insurance, shipping, steel and other metals; machine tools, fertilizers, insecticides, and petrochemicals; and share in light engineering industries like drugs; textiles industries; consumer goods form break of electronic new industries, it has also been taking over old opens which became sick. Public Sector has played a significant role in the industrialization Of the country. By establishing the basic and heavy industries and providing the infrastructure, it has enabled growth of innumerable light industries and also taking over old ones which became sick. Public sector has played a significant role in the industrialization of the provid ed the virtual inputs of ushering the Green Revolution. It has also played a pioneering role in dispersing industries in various regions of the entry particularly in the backward area. It is generally recognized as a model employer providing fair wages, good working conditions and amenities, and recognizing the rights of the workers. As a result, industrial relations except in certain units and for some time past are better and the maydays lost are much less than n the private sector. 1. Balanced growth By establishing public sector enterprises, a country can develop its economy in all regions. Thus there is a balanced growth. These enterprises can be developed on economic, social and regional basis.

Negotiation Team Essay

Negotiation Team Essay Negotiation Team Essay Journal Entry 3: Units 3, 4, 5 Unit 3 Negotiation is a critical tool when dealing with conflict. BATNA which is Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement gives tips on how to negotiate to get the outcome that you want. When there is a conflict for people not to feel guilty about not handling it they tend to think they are powerless and that there is nothing they can contribute to the situation. By the individual doing this it also eliminates failure which most people are afraid of. When there is a conflict most people would rather do nothing in case of failure then try and help resolve a conflict. For example when there is a fight people will stand around and watch instead of intervene. In the summer I saw two kids fighting, they were both wrestling each other and throwing punches and people in their cars and walking on the street were doing nothing. People were getting gas across the street and they were just watching. People do this because they don’t know what they can do. I was sitting in my car at a red lig ht and was honking and the two of them stopped, had a few words and started walking in the opposite direction. My sister looked at me and made a comment of being proud that I did something. When an issue arises in public people stand around and spectate. Why is this? For entertainment? People don’t want to get involved? People are scared to get involved? Or is it because people do not know how to react to conflict. When two people have a conflict there has to be some sort of agreement to resolve the issue, and that is when negotiation steps in. There has to be a relationship between people who are negotiating, meaning understanding both sides and respect if there is a disagreement. If I disagree with a co-worker I can’t disrespect them by telling them that their view on the topic is stupid or doesn’t make sense. I have to listen to their point of view and communicate with them to reach an understanding. Communication is important with listening and talking to on e another for a resolution that both parties are happy with. By listening to the other side of the story it will help increase your chances to persuade them. It is also important when negotiating to show commitment to the other party. This helps increase your power over the other party. As the negotiator you can commit to what you will do for the other party, what you want to do (take it or leave it), and what kind of commitments you want to see from the other party. For example, there have been many fights in my house of who does what house work. If the bathroom, living room and kitchen need to get clean a negotiation with my sister and I has to be done. I would rather clean the kitchen rather than the bathroom so if I show a commitment to my sisters by saying I will do the kitchen and living room if you do the bathroom it shows her commitment from my end and therefore increases my power to get what I want. And in return I get commitment from my sister when she says yes to the ne gotiation. Negotiators are trained in many skills and tactic that are used in their line of work to help resolve conflict. The Hostage Negotiation Team (HNT) works with the police departments and is trained in many skills to help resolve conflict. The HNT trains with the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) and learn skills to help certain conflicts which are hostage taking, barricaded suspects and suicide attempts (to be explain later). When negotiating there is many factors that need to be taken into consideration. Such as when the first line officer gets on scene it is important that they call a trained negotiator immediately. The best thing that can be used in these situations is time. The negotiating time is made up of three components. First the primary negotiator who is in contact with the suspect, second the secondary negotiator who will give help to the primary negotiator by giving advice and by making sure the primary negotiator can hear and understand everything

What is Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Branding - Essay Example It can therefore be used as a strategy to maintain customers as well as attract others. A strong brand is imperative for the intended purpose to be achieved. If it is a statement or slogan, it should as precise and short as possible. This should be something that target customers can remember at ease. Before branding is done especially for existing companies, it is vital to involve the customers. Constant communication with such people allows the companies know what kind of information or graphics to include. However, branding does not work at all times. In some companies, the introduction of new brands has culminated into loss of customers. For instance, one of the leading on-demand streams faced challenges when a number of its subscribers withdrew. This was caused by the effort of the management to change the logo. Companies which have already become established in the market do not need to have new brands. Some of these companies are price leaders in the market and therefore do not need such branding. Apart from being wastage of time and money, this development may also lead lose of customers. However, in the event a given company would want to develop a new brand, discussing with clients would be

Digital Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Digital Economy - Essay Example The basic difference between the two classes of advertising is: in traditional advertising the advertising mediums are conventional such as newspapers, classifieds, magazines, periodicals, journals, billboards, posters, radio, physical mails, and televisions whilst on the other hand in digital advertising; all sorts of advertising which is done through the medium of websites, via internet and mobile phones are included. However digital advertising is not simple just because it focuses on web; however it is an emerging discipline and has several different areas in it. Advertising can be made for other purposes in addition to business and economics; however in this study advertising is only discussed with the perspective of economics and commerce. In this study the elaboration is made on the limitations of traditional advertising coupled with study of cost factors involved in digital advertising. ... After the process of awareness the consumer sector accumulates this awareness in the shape of knowledge then through effective advertising, commodity or service becomes fabulous and is liked by the consumer sector. After the process of liking and fondness a position evolves that is called as preference, it means that a consumer prefer the product against all other competitive products and through advertising the product is in a phase of likelihood of acquisition. Then after this consumer behavior changes to conviction on the basis of his preference and this is the reason; the product or service is being purchased. Therefore the more good advertising the more sales, more exposure of organization and more economic activity can be achieved. Since the rate of economic activity is directly proportional to that of profit therefore effective advertising will yield more economic activity and that will result in more returns and benefits. It should also be considered that advertisement for an economic activity is essential and also crucial but on the other hand, proper advertisement based on adequate research is needed to boost the economic activity of a business. If advertisement is made just for the sake of advertisement without any proper planning and evaluation then it can impact very roughly. Therefore before advertisement of any product or service a research should be made for advertisement and proper objectives and methodologies should be defined with realistic approach then only it can be successful for initiating and accelerating the economic activity. 2. Areas of Digital Advertising Digital advertising is also called internet marketing. Internet marketing is not a confined area of

Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural Diversity - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  cultural diversity has both benefits and opportunities. Therefore, it can be said that there are different dimensions of cultural diversification. In order to deal with this cultural diversity and dimensions, it is necessary to manage the diverse workforce within the hospitality industry, which can lead to achieving the corporate goals. There are various theories on cultural diversity and for managing the cultural diversity. There are strategies and defined areas of policies that are adopted by hospitality firms.  From the paper it is clear that  the importance of cultural diversity within the hospitality industry it is essential to discuss aspects of the hospitality industry and cultural diversity with the help of researches. Therefore, following highlighted points, theories, and strategies will define the significance of cultural diversity within the hospitality industry.  In hospitality industry that can be known as the service industry becaus e it deals with different types of customers. It is a very vast industry, and it is a multi-billion dollar industry that provides maximum chances to maximize the profit for each organization working in this industry. Cultural diversity has a significant influence on the hospitality industry and its business. With the help of Berger & Huntington research, it can be said that the cultural diversity is beneficial for organizations in the long-term. It has been analyzed that the cultural diversity is highly important in the hospitality industry because it deals with global customers.

Policies and Strategies for Market Failure

Policies and Strategies for Market Failure 1.0 Introduction Market failure refers to a situation whereby a freely-functioning market fails to allocate resources efficiently or optimally resulting in undesirable outcomes. Main examples of market failures include market power, externalities, unequal distribution of economic prosperity and inadequate public goods. Market power occurs when economic actors are able to exert considerable influence on market prices or the quantity of goods sold causing concentration of power and imperfect competition. Externalities are the uncompensated impact caused when the market disregard external costs of an economic activity on the well-being of a bystander. Externalities diverge social costs of benefit from the private optimum, leading to market failure as well. Unequal distribution of economic prosperity occurs as people are rewarded according to their ability in generating high income by producing things others are willing to pay off. Markets fail as significant differences in income and wealth leads to a wide gap in living standards between different groups in the economy. Market also fails when there are inadequate public goods which are not provided by the market mainly because of the free rider issue[1]. Hence public policies are required to correct market failure and increase the efficiency and productivity of the market. This ensures that the market is able to achieve the highest total social welfare, thus allowing a greater distribution of income and wealth and higher standard of living. 2.0 Public Policies Public policies are basically described as attempts taken by the government as an approach towards public issues and are commonly incorporated in legislations, regulations, decisions and actions (Venus 2010). Examples of public policies that can be taken to remedy market failure are legislations and regulations, implementation of taxes, subsidies and price controls. 2.1 Legislations and Regulations Legislation is a law which has been enacted by a governing body whereas regulation is a rule or restriction promulgated to control activities of businesses and consumers. There are two forms of regulations, namely industry regulation which prevents firms from gaining and exploiting excessive market control; and social regulation which protects consumers from social costs like externalities, socially undesirable goods and asymmetric information. Examples include price regulations or orders prohibiting collusive practices and monopolistic behaviours which help reduce concentration of market power. Legislations regarding the protection of the environment can also be enforced to reduce externalities like pollution. Legislations and regulation are also an example of command-and-control policies which are specifically targeted at reducing externalities. Command-and-control policies correct externalities by regulating behaviours directly, making them either required or forbidden. This is usually carried out by respective environmental agencies or commissions of a country, for instance the Environmental Protection Agency in United States which restrict levels of pollution and emissions emitted by factories and industries. 2.2 Taxes Taxes are a financial charge or levy imposed upon an individual or entity. Taxes can be used to regulate the market, redistribute income and reduce externalities through the manipulation of the demand and supply curves in the market. Even so, the tax imposed must be equal to the external cost or benefit to achieve the optimal quantity of output. A form of tax is environment levy which is imposed on firms to make them pay for the negative externalities they created. Taxes can also be imposed on undesirable goods to increase their price and reduce the quantity demanded or even used to compel people to pay for public goods to overcome the free rider issue. Similarly, taxes imposed in accordance with income earned helps reduce the market failure of income differentials. At the same time, taxes also helps increase governments revenue which can be spent on alternatives such as direct provision of public goods and services to compensate for the lack of collective goods. Tax is also part of market-based policies, developed specifically to reduce externalities. Market-based policies internalize externalities by providing incentives so that private decision makers will solve the externalities themselves. An example corrective taxes used to persuade private firms to take account of social costs that arise from negative externalities. Effect of tax on the market can be seen in Diag. 1. Tax imposed on a product would increase its price, effecting both consumers and producers. As production cost increases, the supply curve will shift to the left from S to S1 as producers would decrease the products supply. Since the price of the good is now more expensive, the quantity demanded by consumers would also decrease as seen in the change from Q2 to Q1. However, should the demand of the good be inelastic, taxes would fail to create any significant reduction in the demand of the good as shown in the diagram. For example, cigarettes. 2.3 Subsidies Subsidies, also known as negative tax, are financial assistance provided to businesses or economic sectors. Subsidies are used to assist small and potential firms by reducing their production cost so that they are able to compete against larger firms. They can also come in forms of loans or research and development grants to assist firms in their research to produce products of better quality. This reduces the barriers to entry and simultaneously increases competition among firms in the market besides effectively solving under consumption of resources, a positive externality. Furthermore, subsidies can increase socially desirable goods and assist in the redistribution of income. Even so, the subsidy imposed must be equal to the external cost or benefit to achieve the optimal quantity of output. Effect of subsidies on the market can be seen in Diag. 2. Subsidies imposed on a product would reduce its price, effecting both the consumer and producer. Production cost decrease as producers receive assistance and the supply curve will shift to the right from S to S1 as producers would increase supply. Since the price of the good has now reduced, the quantity demanded by consumers would also decrease as seen in the change from Q to Q1. 2.4 Price Controls Price control is a form of public policy where the government uses its law-making power to regulate prices of goods or services. The government may attempt to fix and enforce exact prices of a particular good or service sold or set a ceiling price or floor price (Johnson 2005). Government will then be able to assist consumers and producers with the impact it has on consumer demand and production of the good or service. Price ceiling is the legal maximum price which a good can be sold at but not any lower than that. An example would be rent control to help poor consumers which cannot afford housing. Price ceiling only takes effect when it is imposed below the equilibrium price as shown in Graph A as producers are forced to meet the maximum price set. However, this may result in shortages (Graph A) as the lower price will increase demand for the product. Price floor is the legal minimum price that can be charged but transactions at higher prices are prohibited. An example is the minimum wage laws which increases workers standard of living. Price floor only takes effect when it is imposed above the equilibrium price as shown in Graph B as suppliers have to raise their prices to meet the governments minimum price. However, a surplus may occur (Graph B) as the higher price will decrease consumers demand. 3.0 Conclusion As a conclusion, it can be seen that markets require public policies and government intervention in order to function effectively and achieve the objectives of producers, especially small and potential firms; and consumers. Market failure can be redressed through enforcement of legislations and regulations, taxes and subsidies and price control which are able to increase competitiveness, redistribute income and reduce externalities and socially undesirable goods. Although the implementation of these policies are useful in reducing negative impacts on the economy and basically have positive implications, there are also drawbacks. For instance, legislations and regulations are difficult and expensive to enforce whereas subsidies requires a government to first have sufficient financial means which prevents all countries from carrying them out efficiently. Price control also results in surplus and shortages of products they are imposed on in the long run which will also lead to inefficie nt allocation of resources. Hence, governments should always analyze the economy carefully and critically and carry out policies accordingly to prevent any further deteriorating of the economy. 4.0 References Books: Mankiw, N. G. 2008, Essentials of Economics, 5th Edn, South West Cengage Learning, United States Webster, N. 2005, Economics, 2nd Edn, Greg Eather, Adelaide Websites: Johnson, P. M. 2005, Price Controls: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms, retrieved 16 March 2010, The Smartacus Corportion 2009, Government Intervention: Price Ceiling, retrieved 17 March 2010, The Smartacus Corportion 2009, Government Intervention: Price Floor, retrieved 17 March 2010, Venus, D. 2010, What is Public Policy, retrieved 16 March 2010, Watkins, T. n.d., Impact of an Excise Tax on Subsidy on Price, retrieved 17 March 2010,

Interesting Person :: essays research papers

An interesting person should have lots of intrigues in his brain, and he should have a curious characteristic. So the adjective "interesting" seems to be the best word to describe me, there is no other better word. All of my old friends know I am a person who has lots of intrigues and happiness. In every important party, I am always invited to be the joker. For these reasons, I believe that I am the most interesting person I know. Interesting things were not strange to me when I was young. I still remember when I in primary school, I always thought about the difference between boys and girls. The most interesting matter was that why boys and girls went to different restrooms, and what was the difference of the 'equipment' inside restrooms. This question was always running around in my brain. Once I asked my father about it, but it might because my father grew up in a traditional Chinese family in which no one could talk about sex, his answer was " you will know when you get older!" which made me frustrated. Because I was extremely interested in this matter, so once I decided to switch the male-restroom card and the female-restroom card to see what would happen. The consequence was that no one knew how to use the 'equipment' in the switched restrooms. Finally, my class teacher who blamed me for tricking classmates told me about the differences between boys and girls. Till I entered high school, I still did not change my naughty characteristic. I have a very interesting experience to share with you: One time my brother drove me to school by his new Honda sports car, he drove faster by my request as I was going to be late. He stepped on the gas deeply and the sports car activated its V-tech function, in not more than 5 seconds, the sports car reached sixty miles per hour on the road supposed to drive thirty-five miles per hour at most. Unfortunately, we was unknowingly caught in an automated speed trap hid somewhere on the road, and it measured our speed using radar and photographed our car. Two days later, I received a ticket for forty dollars and a photo of my brother's car. Instead of payment, I sent the police department a photograph of forty dollars. Several days later, my brother told me that he received a strange letter from the police department that contained a ticket for a hundred dollars and a photo of handcuffs.